RESEARCH HANDBOOK: Citing Sources

---

For most papers and other research products a list of sources used in producing a work is included. It usually appears at the end of a project on a separate page and is headed "Works Cited." Entries on the list are arranged alphabetically by main entry (e.g., author or other first component ignoring initial article).  Format is typically double-spaced, the second line of each entry indented by 5 spaces or 1/2 inch (hanging indent). Titles are either italicized or underlined. Footnote format is discussed at the end of this piece. Most of these forms come from the Modern Language Association manuals. For further examples of both MLA (humanities) and APA (scientific) citation styles see the excellent Bibliography Style Handbook from the Writer's Workshop at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. See also the Scott Foresman page on APA style and the  American Psychological Association page on citing electronic sources. For government documents there is a good site at the University of Memphis Library: Uncle Sam - Brief guide to citing government publications. The MLA's own WWW style rules are online as well. Another great site for sample electronic resource citations is at UC Berkeley: Style Sheets for Citing Internet & Electronic Resources. Try also Citation Styles & Format page at the Sonoma State University Library website which includes a link to the Chicago(Turabian) style sheet at dianahacker.com. The "notes and bibliography" Chicago style is preferred by history teachers.

Two examples
MLA/Chicago = Jones, Jim. How I Created the People's Temple. San Francisco: People's Temple Press, 1972. Print.
APA = Jones, J. (1972). How I Created the People's Temple. San Francisco: People's Temple Press.

For those looking for help making a list, try out one of the following free sites.
NoodleTools - http://www.noodletools.com - is a quick and easy site for formating citations in either MLA or APA style. The Tam District libraries have a subscription to NoodleTools which allows our students to set up individual accounts on the site.
Bibme - http://www.bibme.org/ - this site actually finds records of specific texts, websites, films, etc. and then automatically creates the citiation entry. Provides MLA, APA, Chicago and Turabian styles.
EasyBib - http://www.easybib.com/ - enables you to fill in the various parts of a citation and then formats it for you. It provides MLA style only. To get APA style you need to subcribe to EasyBib Pro.
Citation Machine - http://citationmachine.net/ - produces APA, MLA and Chicago formats automatically. To start click on the format you want to use in the top left column.

SINGLE AUTHOR: For a work with one author, begin with the author's last name, followed by a comma; then give the author's first name, followed by a period
Jones, Jim.
MULTIPLE AUTHORS: For works with two or three authors, name the authors in the order in which they are listed in the source (title page for a book). Reverse the name of only the first author.
Jones, Jim, and Carol Thomas.
Jones, J., Darling, C.W., and Carol Thomas.
For a work with four or more authors, either name all of the authors or name the first author followed by "et al." Latin for “and others”).
Torrigino, Mario, Emily Satterstrom, John Blaber, and Jeff Ryan.
Torrigino, Mario, et al.
CORPORATE AUTHOR: Wehn the author of a print document or a Web site is a corporation, a government agency, or some other organization, begin your entry with the name of the group.
Bank of America.
United States. Dept. of Agriculture.
Redwood High School.
UNKNOWN AUTHOR: When the author of a work is not known, begin with the title of the work. Tiles of articles and other short works, such as brief documents from websites, are put in quotation marks. Title of books and other long works, such as entire websites, are italicized.
Article of other short work
"Media Moguls."
Book or other long work
Project Perseus.
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR: If your list of works cited includes two or more works by the same author, use the author's name only for the first entry. For other entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. The three hyphens must stand for exactly the same name or names as in the first entry. List the titles in alphabetical order ignoring intitial articles.
King, Stephen. Carrie. New York: Doubleday, 1974. Print.
---. Four Past Midnight. New York: Viking, 1990. Print.

BOOKS

ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE: List, in order, separated by periods, the author’s name; the title of the article, in quotation marks; and the title of the magazine, italicized. Then give the date and the page numbers, separated by a colon. If the magazine is issued monthly, give just the month and year. Abbreviate the names of the months except May, June, and July. Give the medium of publication at the end.
Kennedy, David M. “Victory at Sea.” Atlantic Monthly. March 1999: 51-76. Print.
“What’s a Hoatzin?” Newsweek. 27 Sept. 1993: 72-73. Print.
ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL: Separate the volume and issue numbers with a period. Include the medium of publication at the end.
Christie, John S. and Susan Washington. “Garcia Marquez’s Faulknerian Chronicle of the Death Foretold.” Latin American Literary Review 13.3 (Fall 1993): 21-29. Print.
ARTICLE IN A DAILY NEWSPAPER: Begin with the name of the author, if known, followed by the title of the article. Next give the name of the newspaper, the date, and the page numbers (including the section letter). If the article does not appear on consecutive pages, use a plus sign (+) after the page number. Include the medium of publication at the end.
Campbell, Susan. “Are We So Very Different?” Hartford Courant. 1 Dec. 1996, first ed.: A1+. Print.
For a review
Williams, Larry. “Powerful Urban Drama Builds in Bells’ Tense ‘Ten Indians’.” Rev. of Ten Indians, by Madison Smartt Bell. Hartford Courant 1 Dec. 1996: G3. Print.
 

For the United States Constitution and laws in the United States Code (USC), give the title, section, or article number, as appropriate. Add the medium at the end of the entry for a priont source or before the date of access for an online source. For a US Code item, alphbetize under U, as if United States Code were spelled out.
21 US Code. Sec. 1401a. 1988. Print.
US Const. Art. 1, sec.1. Web. 14 Oct. 2008.
For a legislative act, begin with the name of the act, neither italicized nor in quotation marks. Then provide the act's Public Law number; its Statutes at Large volume and page numberts; its date of enactment; and medium of publication.
Driving a Professor Crazy Act of 1996. 99 Stat. 1496. Print.
For a court case, name the plaintiff and first defendant. Then give the law report number; the court name; the year of the decision; and information about the medium in which you found the case. In a works cited entry, the name of the case is not italicized. (The name of the case is itlaicized in you in-text citation)
Kaun v. Library of California. 154 USPQ 677. CA Supr. Ct. 1999. Print.
[This case is described in the United States Patent Quarterly, page 677 of volume 154]
 

Title. Chart/Map. Place: Publisher, date. Print.
The Physical World. Map. New York: Rand McNally, 1993. Print.
 

Treat the government agency as the author, giving the name of the government followed by the name of the agency. For print sources, add the medium at the end of the entry. For online sources, follow the model for an entire website or a short work from a website.
United States. Bureau of the Census. 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing. Washington: GPO, 1990. Print.
United States. Dept. of Transportation. Natl. Highway Safety Administration. An Investigation of the Safety Implications of Wireless Communications in Vehicles. Natl. Highway Safety Administration, Nov. 1999. Web. 20 May 2008.
 

Cite the speaker's name, followed by the title of the lecture (if any), in quotation marks; the organization sponsoring the lecture; the location; the date; and a label such as "Lecture" or "Address."
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” March on Washington. Lincoln Memorial: Washington. 28 August 1963. Address.
 

To cite a personal interview that you conducted, begin with the name of the person interviewed. Then write "Personal interview" or "Telephone interview" followed by the date of the interview.
Brown, Willy. Personal interview. 4 Nov. 1999.
For a radio or television interview begin with the name of the person interviewed, followed by the word "Interview" and the interviewer's name, if relevant. End with information about the program as in a radio or television broadcast.
Schneider, Pamela. Interview. Seniors: What Keeps Us Going. Host Linda Storrow. Natl. Public Radio. WNYC. New York. 11 July 1988. Radio.
For a published interview name the person interviewed, followed by the title of the interview (if there is one). If the interview does not have a title, include the word "Interview" after the interviewee's name. Give the publication information for the work in which the interview was published.
Armstrong, Lance. "Lance in France." Sports Illustrated 28 June 2004: 46+. Print.
 

Frost, Robert. Letter to John Fitzgerald Kennedy. 5 Dec. 1960.
To cite a letter that you have received, begin with the writer's name and add the phrase "Letter to the author," followed by the date. Add the medium ("MS" for "manuscript," or a handwritten letter, "TS" for for "typescript," for a typed letter).
Angelou, Maya. Letter to the author. 25 Dec. 2001. TS
 

Begin with the title, italicized. Cite the director ("Dir.") and the lead actors ("Perf.") or narrator ("Narr."); the distributor; the year of the film's release; and medium ("Film," "DVD," "Videocassette").
The Wizard of Oz. Dir. Victor Fleming. Perf. Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, and Jack haley, Frank Morgan, Billy Burke, margaret Hamilton, Charley Grapewin and the Munchkins. Loew’s Incorporated, 1939. Film.
The Wizard of Oz. Dir. Victor Fleming. Perf. Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, and Jack haley, Frank Morgan, Billy Burke, margaret Hamilton, Charley Grapewin and the Munchkins. 1939. MGM/UA Home Video, 1989. DVD.
 

Begin with the title of the radio segment or television episode (if there is one), in quotation marks; then give the title of the program or series, italicized; relevant information about the program, such as the writer ("By"), director ("Dir."), performers ("Perf."), or host ("Host"); the network; the local station (if any) and location; the date of broadcast; and the medium ("Television," or "Radio").
Sixty Minutes. CBS. KPIX, San Francisco. 3 Jan. 1999. Television.
"Elif Shafak: Writing under a Watchful Eye." Fresh Air. Host Terry Gross. Natl. Public Radio. NPR.org. Web. 22 Feb. 2007.
 

 (See Appendix for list of information suggested by MLA)

Humanities Style (MLA)

Author, Name. "Title of Document." Title of Complete Work. Name of sponsoring organization. Date of document or most recent revision. Web. Day month year of access <source[optional]>.

Scientific Style (APA)

Author, A. A. (Date of document). "Title of Document." Title of Complete Work. Retrieved [month day, year], from [source: URL]
 

Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.” PeriodicalTitle Vol.no. Issue Date: page(s). Service used. Web. Access date.
Anderson, J. “Keats in Harlem.” New Republic 204.14 8 Apr. 1991: 27. EBSCO. Web. 29 Dec. 2001.
 

MLA
A Guide to for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation. Humanities Department and Arthur C. Banks, Jr. Library, Capital Community College, 31 May 2000. Web. 28 Mar. 2002.
APA
A Guide to for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation. (31 May 2000). [Web page posted on Capital Community College (Hartford, Conn.) Web site]. Retrieved Mar. 28, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://ccc.commnet.edu/mla.htm
 

Lastname, Firstname, "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Version or edition. Date of publication. Name of Publisher. Web. (Date of access).
Wharton, Annabel Jane. "Byzantine art." World Book Online. Americas ed. 2002. World Book, Inc. Web. 29 Mar. 2002.
 

The Avalon Project: Articles of Confederation. 31 Dec. 1969 [1996]. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Web. 29 Mar. 2002.
 

Jascot, John. Home page.  29 Mar. Web. 2002.
 

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.; [Cambridge]: University Press John Wilson and Son, 1903; Bartleby.com, 1999. Web. 29 Mar. 2002.
 

Blake, William.  “Earth's Answer.”  Dove Cottage. Web. 29 Mar. 2002.
 

Fitter, Chris. “The Poetic Nocturne: From Ancient Motif to Renaissance Genre.” Early Modern Literary Studies 3.1 (Sept.1997): 61 pars.  Web. 29 Mar. 2002.
  

To cite and e-mail message, begin with the witer's mane and the subject line. Then write "Message to" followed by the name of the recipient. End with the date of the message and the medium ("E-mail").

Bruckman, Amy.  “MOOSE Crossing Proposal.” Message to the author. 30 Apr. 1994. E-mail.

Sources, whether print, online or in any other form, are acknowledged in the body of the text as follows:  ... text (Lastname page). Where there is no page or paragraph number available use last name only.
For a work with no author use the title, abbreviated if necessary to two or three words, as follows:  ... text (“Titleword(s)” page).
 

According to many researchers in the field of genetic engineering, behavior control would be a reality by the turn of the century (Feinberg 95).
 

Shells were used as currency in many Mediterranean countries in the pre-Christian era (“Money” 86)
 

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page four lines below the last textual line. Single-space each entry: double space between entries. Indent first line by five spaces, and continue the next name at the left edge. Endnotes appear at the end of the entire text on a separate page, numbered in order of their occurrence.
 

^xFirstname Lastname. Title (Place: Publisher, date) page(s).
 

^xLastname, page(s).
 

MLA suggests giving the following information for online sources, including as many items from the list below as are relevant and available