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| Citing Subscription Databases pdf | Coming soon |
For most papers and other research products a list of sources used in producing a work is included. It usually appears at the end of a project on a separate page and is headed "Works Cited." Entries on the list are arranged alphabetically by main entry (e.g., author or other first component). Format is typically double-spaced, the second line of each entry indented by 5 spaces or 1/2 inch (hanging indent). Titles are either italicized or underlined. Footnote format is discussed at the end of this piece. Most of these forms come from the Modern Language Association manuals. For further examples of both MLA (humanities) and APA (scientific) citation styles see the excellent Bibliography Style Handbook from the Writer's Workshop at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. See also the Scott Foresman page on APA style and the American Psychological Association page on citing electronic sources. For government documents there is a good site at the University of Memphis Library: Uncle Sam - Brief guide to citing government publications. The MLA's own WWW style rules are online as well. Another great site for sample electronic resource citations is at UC Berkeley: Style Sheets for Citing Internet & Electronic Resources. Try also Citation Styles & Format page at the Sonoma State University Library website which includes a link to the Chicago(Turabian) style sheet at dianahacker.com. The "notes and bibliography" Chicago style is preferred by history teachers.
Two examples
MLA/Chicago = Jones, Jim. How I Created the People's Temple.
San Francisco: People's Temple Press, 1972.
APA = Jones, J. (1972). How I Created the People's Temple.
San Francisco: People's Temple Press.
For those looking for
help making a list, try out one of the following free sites.
NoodleBib Express - http://www.noodletools.com/login.php - is a quick and easy site for formating citations in either MLA or APA style. There is a subscription version of NoodleBib as well.
EasyBib - http://www.easybib.com/ - enables you to fill in the various
parts of a citation and then formats it for you. It provides MLA style only. To get APA style you need to subcribe to EasyBib Pro.
Citation
Machine - http://citationmachine.net/ - produces APA, MLA and Chicago formats automatically. To start click on the format you want to use in the top left column.
| IN-TEXT CITATIONS | FOOT- AND END-NOTES | APPENDIX | "WORKS CITED" EXAMPLES |
| BOOKS |
| ONE AUTHOR |
Lastname, Firstname. Title. Place: Publisher, date.
Jones, Jim. How I Created the People's Temple. San Francisco:
People's Temple Press, 1972.
Same name after first entry
----------. Title. Place: Publisher, date.
----------. How I Destroyed the People's Temple. Georgetown,
Guyana: People's Temple Press, 1978.
| TWO OR THREE AUTHORS |
Lastname, Firstname, [SecondLastname, Firstname] and LastFirstname Lastname.
Title. Place: Publisher, date.Jones, Jim, and Carol Thomas. Guyana: A Great Place to Settle Down. Los Angeles: Angel Press, 1976.
| MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS |
(In this citation et al. means “and others”)
Lastname, Firstname, et al. Title. Place: Publisher. date.
Torrigino, Mario, et al. How to Win Every Legal Battle You Fight.
Pacifica, Calif.: Legal Battle Press. 1989.
| ANONYMOUS |
Title. Place: Publisher, date.
Jimson Weed. Reno: Weed Publishing, 1998.
| CORPORATE/ASSOCIATION AUTHOR |
CorporateAuthor. Title. Place: Publisher, date.
People's Temple. How We Let Ourselves Be Abused. San Francisco:
People's Temple Press, 1975.
| PART OF A BOOK |
(Start with the name of the person who wrote the foreword, preface, etc.)
Lastname, Firstname. Foreword/Preface/etc. Title. By Firstname
Lastname. [book’s author] Place: Publisher, date. Pages.Pepin, Ronald E. Foreword. The Saints of Diminished Capacity: Selected Poems, 1972-1997. By Charles Darling. Hartford: Capital Press, 1997. ii-ix.
| TRANSLATED WORK |
Borges, Jorge Luis. Ficciones. Trans. Anthony Kerrigan. New York:
Grove Press, 1962.
| EDITED WORK |
Clement, Jane C., ed. Collected Works of Clint Eastwood. Carmel:
Make My Day Press, 1997.
| WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY |
Lastname, Firstname. "Selection." Title. Ed. Firstname, Lastname.
Place: Publisher: date. Pages.Munro, Alice. “The Turkey Season." In Another Part of the Forest: An Anthology of Gay Short Fiction. Ed. Alberto Manguel and Craig Stephenson. New York: Crown, 1994. 84-111.
| GENERALENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE |
(no place or publisher necessary)
Lastname, Firstname. [if known] "ArticleTitle." EncyclopediaTitle. No. ed. Date.Harlow, Henry Robert. “Drawing.” Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed. 1988.
| OTHER MULTIVOLUME REFERENCES |
"The Mbuti." Peoples of the Earth. Ed. Cerise MacDonald. 20 vols.
New York: Grolier, 1975.
| MAGAZINES, and NEWSPAPERS |
Lastname, Firstname. "ArticleTitle." JournalTitle day Month year [or] volume.
number [for newspaper include edition if relevant] : page[s]. [for newspapers include section with page, e.g. G3]Kennedy, David M. “Victory at Sea.” Atlantic Monthly March 1999: 51-76.
| LEGAL DOCUMENTS |
Don’t set off titles of laws or acts with
underlines, italics or quote marks, but you may abbreviate titles, with
the works cited by section and the years added if relevant
21 US Code. Sec. 1401a. 1988.
US Const. Art. 1, sec.1.
Driving a Professor Crazy Act of 1996. Publ. L. 100-418. 14 Nov. 1996.
Stat. 99.1496.
[Public Law number. Enactment date. Statutes
at Large cataloging number.]
Kaun v. Library of California. 154 USPQ 677. CA Supr. Ct. 1999.
[This case is described in the United
States Patent Quarterly, page 677 of volume 154]
| MAP or CHART |
Title. Chart/Map. Place: Publisher, date.
The Physical World. Map. New York: Rand McNally, 1993.
| GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION |
GovernmentAgency. Title. Place: Publisher, date.
US Bureau of the Census. 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing.
Washington: GPO, 1990.
| OTHER NON-ELECTRONIC SOURCES |
| SPEECH |
Lastname, Firstname. "Speech title." SponsoringOrganization. Site:
City. date Month year.King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” March on Washington. Lincoln Memorial: Washington. 28 August 1963.
| INTERVIEW |
Lastname, Firstname. Personal interview. day Month year.
Brown, Willy. Personal interview. 4 Nov. 1999.
| CORRESPONDENCE |
Lastname, Firstname. Letter to Firstname Lastname. date Month year.
Frost, Robert. Letter to John Fitzgerald Kennedy. 5 Dec. 1960.
Angelou, Maya. Letter to the author. 25 Dec. 2001. [for
a letter you received]
| FILM or VIDEO |
Title. Dir. Firstname Lastname. Filmdistributer, date.
The Wizard of Oz. Dir. Victor Fleming. Loew’s Incorporated,
1939.
For a videotape of a previously distributed
film add the term videocassette, videodisc, DVD, or other appropriate description
after the title and the production year after the director’s name. Name
the video distributor and date rather than the film distributor.
The Wizard of Oz. DVD. Dir. Victor Fleming. 1939. MGM/UA Home
Video, 1989.
| TV or RADIO PROGRAM |
(To the extent that a narrator, director, producer, performer, etc. are known, they may be added to the citation with abbreviated title, e.g. Narr., Dir., Prod., Perf., etc., before the name.)
Lastname, Firstname. [as appropriate] Title. [Other information as known]. Production
Company. LocalChannelName, Place, day Month year.Schneider, Pamela. Interview. Seniors: What Keeps Us Going. With Linda Storrow. NPR. WNYC. New York. 11 July 1988.
| ELECTRONIC RESOURCES |
Humanities Style (MLA)
Author, Name. "Title of Document." Title of Complete Work. Date of document. day month year of access <[source]>.
Scientific Style (APA)
Author, A. A. (Date of document). "Title of Document." Title of Complete
Work. Retrieved [month day, year], from [source: URL]
| ARTICLES IN A LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION DATABASE |
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.” PeriodicalTitle Vol.no.
Issue Date: page(s). Service used. Location accessed. Access date. <URL
of service used>. [Note do not use URL of the actual article]
Anderson, J. “Keats in Harlem.” New Republic 204.14 8 Apr. 1991:
27. EBSCO. Bessie Chin Library, Larkspur, CA. 29 Dec. 2001 <http://search.epnet.com/>.
| GENERIC WEB SITE |
MLA
A Guide to for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language
Association (MLA) Documentation. Humanities Department and Arthur C.
Banks, Jr. Library, Capital Community College, 31 May 2000. 28 Mar. 2002
<http://ccc.commnet.edu/mla.htm>.
APA
A Guide to for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association
(MLA) Documentation. (31 May 2000). [Web page posted on Capital
Community College (Hartford, Conn.) Web site]. Retrieved Mar. 28, 2002
from the World Wide Web: http://ccc.commnet.edu/mla.htm
| ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE DATABASE |
Lastname, Firstname, "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia.
Version or edition. Date of publication. Name of Publisher. <URL of
service>. (Date of access). [Note do not use URL of the actual article]
Wharton, Annabel Jane. "Byzantine art." World Book Online. Americas
ed. 2002. World Book, Inc. 29 Mar. 2002 <http://worldbook.online.com>.
| SCHOLARLY PROJECT |
The Avalon Project: Articles of Confederation. 31 Dec. 1969 [1996].
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 29 Mar. 2002 <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/artconf.htm>.
| PERSONAL WEB SITE |
Jascot, John. Home page. 29 Mar. 2002 <http://ccc.commnet.edu/faculty/~jascot/jascot.htm>.
| BOOK PUBLISHED ONLINE |
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A.C. McClurg
& Co.; [Cambridge]: University Press John Wilson and Son, 1903; Bartleby.com,
1999. 29 Mar. 2002 <www.bartleby.com/114/>.
| POEM |
Blake, William. “Earth's Answer.” Dove Cottage. 29 Mar.
2002 <http://www.dovecottage.com/Blake/Earth's%20Answer.html>.
| ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL |
Fitter, Chris. “The Poetic Nocturne: From Ancient Motif to Renaissance
Genre.” Early Modern Literary Studies 3.1 (Sept.1997): 61 pars.
29 Mar. 2002 <www.humanities.ualberta.ca/emls/03-2/fittnoct.html>.
| CD-ROM DATABASES |
Angier, Natalie. “Chemists Learn Why Vegetables are Good for You.”
New
York Times 13 Apr. 1993, late ed.: C1. New York Times Ondisc. CD-ROM.
UMI-Proquest. Oct. 1993.
“U.S. Population by Age: Urban and Urbanized Area.” 1990 U.S. Census
of Population and Housing. CD-ROM. US Bureau of the Census. 1990.
Orchestra. CD-ROM. Burbank: Warner New Media. 1992.
“Albatross.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM.
Oxford: Oxford UP. 1992
| E-MAIL, LISTSERV, AND NEWSLIST CITATIONS |
Lastname, Firstname. “Subject Line from Posting.” Online posting. address
of the listserv or newslist, date.
For personal e-mail listings, the address may be omitted
Bruckman, Amy. “MOOSE Crossing Proposal.” Online posting.
mediamoo@media.mit.edu, 30 Apr. 1994.
Thomson, Barry. “Virtual Reality.” Personal e-mail.
25 Jan. 1995.
| IN-TEXT CITATIONS |
Sources, whether print, online or in any other form, are acknowledged
in the body of the text as follows: ... text (Lastname page). Where
there is no page or paragraph number available use last name only.
For a work with no author use the title, abbreviated if necessary to
two or three words, as follows: ... text (“Titleword(s)” page).
| FROM ANY SOURCE WITH AN AUTHOR |
According to many researchers in the field of genetic engineering, behavior
control would be a reality by the turn of the century (Feinberg 95).
| FROM ANY SOURCE WITHOUT AN AUTHOR |
Shells were used as currency in many Mediterranean countries in the
pre-Christian era (“Money” 86)
| FOOTNOTES & ENDNOTES |
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page four lines below the last
textual line. Single-space each entry: double space between entries. Indent
first line by five spaces, and continue the next name at the left edge.
Endnotes appear at the end of the entire text on a separate page, numbered
in order of their occurrence.
| GENERAL FORM |
xFirstname Lastname. Title (Place: Publisher,
date) page(s).
| SUBSEQUENT USE OF THE SAME SOURCE |
xLastname, page(s).
| APPENDIX |
MLA suggests giving the following information for online sources, including as many items from the list below as are relevant and available